Aaaaaand here’s my notes again. I tried to proofread them better this time but all I wanna do is play Fire Emblem in my free time, but if there’s anything wrong just let me know as usual and I’ll edit it.
Chapter 4 Notes
Chapter 4
Xがあります・がいます
∼があります There is (inanimate object).
∼がいます There is (animate object).
Place description uses particle に instead of で
- あそこにマクドナルドがあります。There is a McDonald’s over there.
Can also be used to say that you have something
Can also be used to say that an event will take place.
- 火曜日にテストがあります。There will be an exam on Tuesday.
DICTIONARY NOTES
がある (p. 73)
- “An inanimate thing exists”
- ある expresses the existence of or the possession of inanimate things including abstract things such as events and problems
- Negative informal is ない instead of あらない
- Even if ある is used for possession, the possessed thing is marked with the particle が instead of を
- ある can also show that a thing is occurring in a location, which would show possession rather than existence
- この車にはカーステレオがある。There is a car stereo in this car. (This car has a car stereo.
- ある can be used with having an animate object, but the relationship with the object must be intimate
- 私は子供が三人ある。I have three children.
- This shows possession, but いる must be used to show existence.
- 私は母がありません。I do not have a mother now. (INCORRECT)
- 私は母がいません。I do not have a mother now.
- When using ある for events, the particle marking the location of the event must be で instead of に
- 今日サムのうちでパーティーがある。There is a party today at Sam’s house.
がいる (p. 153)
- “An animate thing exists”
- いる is used for describing animal life, but not for plants and inanimate objects
- An animate group or organization of animate things can also be put in the location position
- このチームはいいクオーターバックがいる。There is a good quarterback in this team. (This team has a good quarterback.)
Describing Where Things Are
We can describe where things are in more detail than just ここ・そこ・あそこ
- Ex/Xの前です。It is in front of X.
Other placement words include 前・後ろ・上・下・間・隣 (front, behind, above, below, between, next to)
Can also be used with a verb to describe where something is occurring at a place
- モスバーガーの前で持ちました。I waited in front of Mos Burger.
Polite Past Tense of です
-
あれは日本の映画です。That one is a Japanese movie.
-
あれは日本の映画じゃないです。That one is not a Japanese movie.
-
あれは日本の映画でした。That one was a Japanese movie.
-
あれは日本の映画じゃなかったです。That one was not a Japanese movie.
|
affirmative |
negative |
| Non-past formal |
∼です |
∼じゃないです |
| Past formal |
∼でした |
∼じゃなかったです |
Polite Past Tense of Verbs
Formed using the same stem as non-past polite (∼ます)
|
affirmative |
negative |
| Non-past formal |
∼ます |
∼ません |
| Past formal |
∼ました |
∼ませんでした |
CASUAL
- ません→ない
- ない is created using different rules than ます, which will be covered later in Lesson 8
- ませんでした→なかった
- なかった is created using the ない form, which is covered in Lesson 8
~時間
The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun (no particles)
~時間 is used when the amount of time used is hours
- 友達を一時間待ちました。I waited one hour for my friend.
時 is a kanji referring to hours and 間 is the kanji for interval, so hour + interval
You can add ~ぐらい after the time interval for approximate measurement
- 日本語を二時間くらい勉強した。I studied Japanese for about two hours.
Add 半 after 時間 for half hours
- 本を二時間半読みました。I read a book for two and a half hours.
たくさん “a lot/many”
Word that can be added to a direct object to show a lot or many of the noun
- たくさん野菜を食べました OR 野菜をたくさん食べました。I ate a lot of vegetables.
と
Connects two nouns (noun1 + noun2)
- 私は日本語と英語を話します。I speak Japanese and English.
Can also describe with whom you are doing something.
- 友達と公園に行きます。I am going to the park with my friend.
DICTIONARY NOTES (p. 473)
- “A particle which lists things exhaustively”
- Connects noun phrases ONLY! Cannot connect adjectives or verbs!
