I’d spotted this sentence started with とても in your edition, and たいへん in mine. I found the とても sentence much easier to read! I wasn’t familiar with たいへん acting as an adverb and modifying a word in this way.
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Suggesting a different choice of kanji here.
きこう：
気孔 【きこう】 (n) pore; stoma; stigma; vesicle
rather than:
気嚢 【きのう】 (n) (1) air sac (birds, insects, etc.); (2) gasbag (airship); envelope
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Yes that’s the right one. Not the first time that I’ve grasped the concept but not known the English scientific word!
P. 108
この あなを「気こう」と いいます。
These holes are called the pores (definitely saw nemurineko’s comment on this one ;P)
大変 小さいので、けんびきょうを 使わなければ、見る ことは 出来ません。
Because they are terribly small, you have to use a microscope to be able to see them.
気こうは ふつう、 葉っぱの うらに 多く あります。
There are generally many pores on the bottom side of the leaf.
植物は、太陽の 光で 光合成を して、 えいようを 作ります。
Plants photosynthesize from the sunlight to make nutrients.
この時、 こきゅうとは 反対に、二酸化炭素が ひつようです。
This time, in reverse from respiration, carbon dioxide is required.
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Oops. Apparently that was a typo during my dictionary search. The (wrong) meaning almost fitted, but 気孔 is definitely better!
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Page. 109
それで 気孔から 二酸化炭素を 取り入れ、えいようと いっしょに できる さんそを 吐き出します。
Therefore, carbon dioxide is able to be taken in from the pores and nutrients is spit out with the oxygen.(?)
そのため 気孔は、昼間 よく 開いて います。
Hence, the doors often open in the daytime.
こうして 植物が 出す さんそが なければ 動物は こきゅうが できません。
Thus, plants send out the oxygen that animals need.
植物の おかげで 動物は 生きていけるのです。
With the plant’s assistance, animals are able to keep on living.
Not sure about a few of these sentences. 
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P109
Note this is the old version and seems completely different!
こうして 植物が 出す さんそが なければ 動物は こきゅうが できません。
Unless plants put out oxygen in this way, animals cannot breathe.
植物の おかげで 動物は 生きていけるのです。
So animals live with plants’ assistance.
Edit: actually my two sentences are the same as the last two sentences of the new version I think.
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I broke this one down like this:
The topic is “plants” - it’s an implied topic carried forward from the previous two sentences.
それで - because of that
気孔から - through the pores
二酸化炭素を - carbon dioxide + object marker
取り入れ - takes in, and… (the stem form is used here as a continuative form)
えいようと いっしょに できる さんそ - the oxygen made together with the nutrition
を - object marker
吐き出します - releases (掃き出す)
Because of that, the plant takes in carbon dioxide through the pores, and releases oxygen made together with the nutrition.
I read this one as:
こうして - thus
植物が出す - released by the plants
さんそが - oxygen + が
なければ - if it does not exist
動物は - animals + は
こきゅうが できません - are not able to breathe
Thus, if the oxygen released by plants did not exist, animals would be unable to breathe.
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Oh I see! I read なければ できません as some form of なければいけない
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p. 109
それで気孔から二酸化炭素を取り入れ、栄養と一緒にできる酸素を、吐き出します。
So, carbon dioxide is taken in from the stomata, and oxygen made together with nutrients is emitted. (thank you @Micki)
それため気孔は、昼間よく開いています。
Therefore, the stomata are well opened in daytime.
こうして植物が出す酸素がなければ動物は呼吸ができません。
Thus, if there were no oxygen emitted by plants, animals could not breathe.
植物のおかげで動物は生きていけるのです。
Thanks to plants, animals can live.
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I don’t know if there is a way to tell whether this よくis “well” as you’ve gone for, or “frequently” as @IgorTheGreat went for. From context I think “well opened” or perhaps “wide open” probably
makes sense.
The wikipedia article on stomata talks about the stomata being wide open during the day because the plant needs a high concentration of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. But open stomata also lose water vapour, so they are closed at night.
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Is there some kind of implicit “if” in the first sentence? I would’ve thought there’d be a と somewhere, but I’m guessing it’s just a case of saying more with less which seems to be pretty common.
１０９：
こうして、植物が 出す さんそが なければ 動物は こきゅうが できません。
Thus, plants did not put out oxygen, animal would not be able to breathe.
植物の おかげで 動物は 生きていけるのです。
Thanks to plants, animals can keep on living.
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Yes there is - it’s in the word なければ which Jisho translates as an expression meaning - “if it does not exist; if it is not there; if it is not …”
なければ itself is a conjugation of ない in the “ば” provisional form. I’ve also seen this called the “provisional conditional -eba form”. These are generally used to mean “if” - see Tae Kim link.
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Thanks, I tried searching for it on bunpro but didn’t turn up anything relevant. I did notice it was provisional -eba form, but fixated on it being negative so lost some meaning along the way. I always keep the Wikipedia page open for “Japanese verb conjugation” as a quick reference.
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@Micki I love the way you break these sentences down into their component parts to clarify the structure!
I would just like to add one small tweak to this translation.
As @Cathm2 noticed,
こうして - thus, in this way
modifies the phrase
植物が出す - plants release (put out)
combining to make the phrase:
こうして植物が出す - plants release in this way
which then modifies
さんそ - oxygen
to give the phrase:
こうして植物が出すさんそ - the oxygen which plants release in this way
giving the meaning:
If the oxygen which plants release in this way did not exist, animals would not be able to breathe.
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That makes a lot of sense. Thank you!
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p. 110
野菜くずを育てよう
Let‘s grow vegetable scraps
野菜のびっくり実験
Surprising vegetable experiments
あなたは、毎日野菜を食べていますか。
Do you eat vegetables every day?
新鮮な野菜は、美味しいですね。
Fresh vegetables are delicious, aren’t they?
お家の人が野菜を使って料理をしていたら、ちょっと覗いてみましょう。
If your family is using vegetables for cooking, let’s take a little look.
料理に使わないところがあるはずです。
There are surely parts not used for cooking.
ニンジンやダイコンの上の方、タマネギの下の方、ジャガイモの皮などです。
The upper parts of carrots and Japanese radish, the lower parts of onions, potato peels, etc.
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P110
科学の じっけん
Science experiments
やさいの びっくり じっけん
Surprising vegetable experiments
やさいくずを そだてよう
Let’s raise vegetable scraps
あなたは、毎日 やさいを 食べていますか。
Every day, do you eat vegetables?
新せんな やさいは、おいしいですね。
Fresh vegetables are delicious, aren’t they.
おうちの 人が やさいを つかってりょうりをしていたら、ちょっと のぞいてみましょう。
If someone at your house is using vegetables for cooking, let’s try to save a little bit.
りょうりに つかわない ところが あるはずです。
In cookery there must be a part you don’t use.
ニンジンや ダイコンの 上の 方、タマネギの 下の 方、ジャガイモの かわなどです。
Things like the tops of carrots and daikon, the base of onions, and the peel of potatoes.
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This experiment better not turn out to just be about composting. Would still be better than all the center of gravity experiments, I guess…
Translation for pg. 110
科学の じっけん
Science Experiment
やさいの びっくり じっけん
A vegetable surprise experiment
やさいくずを そだてよう
Let’s nurture some vegetable scraps! yay
あなたは、毎日 やさいを たべていますか。
Are you eating vegetables every day?
新せんな やさいは、おいしいですね。
Fresh vegetables are tasty, aren’t they?
おうちの 人が やさいを つかって りょうりを していたら、ちょっと のぞいてみましょう。
When someone in your family is cooking vegetables, take a little looksie.
りょうりに つかわない ところが あるはずです。
It’s expected that not all parts are used during cooking.
ニンジンや ダイコンの 上の 方、たまねぎの 下の 方、ジャガイモの かわなどです。
Things like carrots and daikon stems, onion ends, and potato peels.
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Page 100 (last two sentences):
食虫直物は はちうえとして お店で 売られている ことも あります。
Insectivorous plants are also sold as potted plants in shops.
どんな植物なのか観察してみましょう。
（どんな しょくぶつ なのか かんさつ して みましょう。）
I agree with @Micki that this is an embedded question.
どんな can be used to ask not only “what kind of” but also “what is it like?”
as in: どんな人ですか？
What’s he like? (What kind of person is he?)
In this case, I would interpret the question どんな植物なのか to mean
What are the plants like?
This question is embedded in a larger sentence, ending with
観察してみましょう
（かんさつ して みましょう）
This uses the -てみる form, which means ‘to try doing something’, as in:
納豆を食べてみましょう。
（なっとう を たべて みましょう）
Let’s try eating natto.
With this in mind, the whole sentence means
Let’s try observing what the plants are like.
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