それは翻訳ためにある問題なんだろうか…
英語で普通に意味は同じでも、日本語で少し違うかもしれない。
I wonder if that’s just a problem caused by translating.
In English the meaning is usually the same, but there might be a slight difference in Japanese.
明日は金曜日だから、ベッドに行きます。おやすみなさい！
Because tomorrow is Friday, I’m going to bed. Good night!
そうですね。ありがとうございます！「要る」利用はちょっと混乱しました。あなたの説明は明らかです。
Yes, I agree. Thank you very much! I was a little confused about the “needed” usage. Your explanation is clear.
Just a note, this “first” is はじめて.
Thank you,
First I had 初めて, but I thought it sounded weird in that case, but it seems my first guess was right 
久しぶりですね。今日からもう一度毎日文を書いてみたいです！
僕もそう思う。英語より日本語の方が微妙だから、文法の意味じゃなく、英訳は問題の気がするんだ。それに、とびらでの説明は時々ちょっと・・・ 
I also think so. Japanese is more subtle than English so it feels like it’s not a problem of the meaning of grammar, but of the English translation. Besides, the explanations in Tobira are sometimes ermm…
おやすみなさい、Aralakhさん！それとも、こんにちは。もう金曜日になってしまいましたから。
Good night Aralakh! Or perhaps, hello, because it’s already Friday.
いやいや、手伝ってあげたら、うれしいです。
実は、そういう間違いをよくしたことがあります。
No problem. I"m have if I helped.
Truth is, I often used to make this kind of mistake.
I still struggle a lot with various usages of the 最〜 combos and 初めて, but if it helps any, I think 最初 is more often used when it denotes the first item of a sequence, like a TV drama episode, a book series, but can also be applied when it’s the “first of” something that might have more parts, like the first release of a book.
So 最初の眼鏡 would make sense in a commercial, I guess?
お久しいぶり、riibuさん！頑張って！ 
最近は、お元気ですか。
そう、日本語は意味合い満々だね。ちょっと慣れにくいだと思うけど、だんだんできそうだ。もっと練習するしかない。
Yeah, Japanese is full of nuances, isn’t it? I feel it’s a bit hard to get used to, but it seems I’m slowly getting the hang of it. Nothing to it but to practice more.
Grammar
I’m not entirely confident in my use of しかない in that last sentence. I wanted to express that practicing more was the only thing I can do to get better, but I’m not entirely sure it’s the right construct to do so, or whether sandwiching できる in there might have been a better choice (so 練習しかできない). I think 練習するしかない more accurately conveys the idea of it being the only viable option, or something along those lines but I’m not sure.
今、こんばんは FirstMateさん！へへへ。実、僕はあなたの文章を心得りましたから、翻訳を要しませんんです。やっと！
Now, good evening FirstMate-san! hehehe. Actually, I understood your sentence because, I do not need the translation. At last!
そうなんですか。各々な初級レベルの学生問題ですね。
Is that so? It’s an every beginner level student problem, eh.
Grammar & Meaning intention
I’m trying to get across that the struggle using transitive/intransitive is a problem for every beginner level student. I don’t feel confident in my word ordering. I had to mess around with a translator for a little too long, in order to construct this haha.
昨日Spotifyの「Release Radar」と言うプレイリストをチェックするときに 突然私は自分と同名の曲に気づいた。私の名前は オランダ語でしか意味を持っていなくて、おまけに その曲の作者は 私の好きなアーチストの一人で 10年間ぐらい音楽をリリースしていなかったので、本当にびっくりした。 
はい、元気でーす！頑張ります！！ 
Maybe it can help to think of it as the same as the から “from” particle :
京都が私の一番好きな市だからきれいだよ。
From Kyôto being my number one city, (the consequence is) it is pretty!
Kyôto is pretty, from (the fact of) being my favourite city!
Kyôto is pretty, because it’s my favourite city!
京都がらきれいだから私の一番好きな市だよ。
From Kyôto being pretty, (the consequence is) it is my number one city!
Kyôto is my favourity city, from (the fact of) being pretty!
Kyôto is my favourite city, because it is pretty!
Mmm, I understood it is “I will go to bed tomorrow, because it is Friday”
(because of 明日は, the topic remains the same until unchanged, so it applieas also to 行きます, or am I wrong?)
For “I will go to bed, because tomorrow it is Friday”, I would have used 明日が金曜日ですから
but I’m not sure at all my understanding is right,
それから、説明を教えてくれてありがたいです。
I would say in this case 明日 is a sort of soft topic. It doesn’t mean that “tomorrow is going to bed”, because in the back there is also the speaker who performs any actions.
To me 明日が sounds weird, because it overemphasizes “tomorrow”.
The topic in a sentence can change multiple times, but that doesn’t mean the speaker stops being the main actor in a sentence. I might be wrong, though.
Okay, yami is on it so he’ll be able to explain it better
I didn’t, personally - 明日は金曜日だ is a complete phrase and is contextually limited to being on the left side of から because otherwise the sentence makes no sense. And with regards to
Yes - but that does not mean the grammatical subject or the time at which the verbs take place inherently stay the same. Contextual clues take care of implicit changes in those, in this case.
Keep in mind Japanese is a very contextual language, and pretty much anything that can be inferred can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence.
And I agree with @FirstMate-san on this
In the case of I will go to bed tomorrow, because it is Friday, I would have reordered the sentence:
金曜日だから明日はベッドに行きます
Of course that leaves it in the middle whether Friday is today or tomorrow (the same is true for the English version), but that is once again clear from context (assuming both parties know what day of the week it is, which is usually the case). In case that’s not clear either, it’s perfectly okay to repeat 明日:
明日は金曜日だから、明日ベッドに行きます。
FirstMateさんもやみてんし（闇天使？）さんも
正してくれありがとうございます。
どっちでもいいです
どういたしまして、説明して僕も身につけられます
Either is fine
And you’re welcome, explaining lets me learn too
(also in case you were asking if those kanji are what I was going for with my nickname, then yes, that’s 100% correct )
闇天子さん、アニメ「中二病でも恋がしたい」が好きですか。
Both FirstMate and Yami gave great explanations already. But if it helps at all, the way I understand から is by recognizing it’s basically “becausing”/“sincing” whatever comes before it (not too literally, of course). Kind of my crude approximation. But I find it helps to have some sort of appromixation.
そうそう！僕は日本語が一番大好きな理由だ。
そんな「しか」の使い方がまだ分からないけど、DeepLでチェックして正しいと見える。
そして、わさびのサイトでこのような例文を見つけた：
学校に私しかいません。
先生に頼むしかありません。
ところで、今日とびらで「こと」と「もの」について読んでつに分かった。 
Exactly! That’s the reason I love Japanese the most.
I don’t know this kind of usage of しか yet, but I checked with DeepL and it seems correct.
Also, I found example sentences like these on the Wasabi website.
By the way, Today I read about こと and もの in Tobira and I finally understand it.
いいですよね！こんばんは！ここも晩にもうなりました。
That’s great! Good evening! Here also it’s already evening.
そうですね。他動詞も自動詞もともに分かりにくいです。英語の他動詞と自動詞が違いますから。
Right? Both transitive and intransitive verbs are difficult to understand. After all English transitive and intransitive verbs are different.
よかったです！ええ、みんなで頑張りましょう！
どういたしまして！みんなに手伝えることがよろしいです。
ハハハ、僕も日本語のニックネームが要るでしょうね。
You’re very welcome! It’s nice to be able to help everyone.
Hahaha, I probably also need a Japanese nickname.
再来年日本に行って美人のギャルに会ったり結婚したりして一緒に魚屋を運営し始める予定があります。
魚は体にいいですよ。
それは冗談ではありません。本気ですよ。
The year after next I’m planning to go to Japan, meet and marry a beautiful gyaru, and together start running a fish shop.
Fish are good for health!
That’s not a joke. I’m serious!
The explanations you have all given are really helpful, they also reminded me of another explanation I came across. Thinking of から like ‘so’: “Kyoto is pretty SO it is my favourite city”. I always used to find it very helpful in remembering the ordering but I had completely forgotten that tip as I think I last came across it in my last real attempt to teach myself Japanese before going out there 5 years ago.
今日は、
今朝も雨が降っていてさむくなっています。冬は始まってきますね。
It’s raining this morning too, it gets colder. The winter is coming (i feel one of those onowatopeic words is needed here to describe how it is はじまってくる-ing. but i don’t know which one, to express it comes small step after step but inexorabily)
「柳」は僕の名字のほんやくです。
じつに、「柳林」でしょうが「やなぎ」ということはそのより短いのです。
“Willow” is the translation of my family name.
Actually it is “willow-growing-place” but “yanagi” is shorter.
ええぇ、若かった時に僕もその同じ予定がありました。
女の子を見つけて、そしてお母さんが僕に気持ちがよかった。
でも命は違ってなってしまいました。
Eee, when I was young I had too the same project.
I even had found the girl, and her mother had good feeling toward me.
But life got different.
もしかしたら、「追い追い」や「ダンダン」ですか。例えば：
冬がダンダン来るようになります。
それとも：
冬が追い追い来るようになります。
例童話の中に：
やはり、冬がダンダン来るようになりました。それを見ると、太郎は色々な快感のことを思い出してやさしく微笑しました。
Perhaps 追い追い or ダンダン? For example:
Winter is gradually coming.
or perhaps:
Winter is coming little by little.
In an example children’s story:
As expected, Winter was slowly coming. Seeing that, Tarou recalled various pleasant feelings and smiled gently.
ヤナギですか。すてきな苗字と思いますよ。
あっ、「柳林」というのは、「ヤナギの林や木立」という意味ですか。
ヤナギさんは、もしかし中国人ですか。
“Willow” is it? That’s a wonderful name I think!
柳林 means a grove or thicket of willows, right?
Yanagi, could you perhaps be Chinese?
そうですか。悲しそうですね。 
もし尋ねられば、何があったんですか。
Is that so? That sounds sad.
If I may ask, what happened?
今日一日中に童話や子向け小説などを読むつもりです。
いつかクレイモアのマンガは読んでみたいです。
Today I’m planning to read fairy tales or novels for children the entire day.
Some day I would like to read the Claymore manga.