I decided to create a new Study Log that concentrates on the Grammar I learned / am learning / encountered while Reading a book.
Like a summary where I have everything in one place.
This feels Like it will be a very huge Project, so I will perhaps Not Post much until I have finished Reading 10ぷん で よめる こわい はなし. There are still seven weeks left.
Onomatopoeia
Homophones
| Japanese | English | Japanese | English | Japanese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| うちに | while | うちに(いく) | (to go) home | うちの | Our |
| はな | Nose; flower | ||||
| かみ | Paper, god, hair | ||||
| やさしい | easy, kind | ||||
| かく | to write, to Draw | ||||
| Adjectiveform | present/ past | positive / negative | Casual/polite | note__________________ | ending い-Adjective | い-Adjective | translation | いい good | I | 〜いい-Adjective | K | ending な-Adjective | な-Adjective | translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | Present | + | Casual | さむい | Is cold | いい/よい | Is good | かっこいい | cool | しずか | quiet | |||
| Present | - | Casual | - kunai | さむくない | Is not cold | よくない | Is Not good | かっこよくない | Is not cool | |||||
| Present | + | Polite | - desu | さむい です | Is cold | Is good | ||||||||
| Present | - | Polite | - kunai desu | さむくない です | Is Not cold | よくない です | Is Not good | |||||||
| Past | + | Casual | - katta | さむかった | Was cold | よかった | Was good | かっこよかった | Was cool | |||||
| Past | - | Casual | - kunakatta | さむくなかった | Was not cold | よくなかった | Was Not good | かっこよくなかった | Was not cool | |||||
| Past | + | Polite | - katta desu | さむかった です | Was cold | よかった です | Was good | |||||||
| Past | - | Polite | - kunakatta desu | さむくなかった です | Was not cold | よくなかった です | Was Not good | |||||||
| Adverb | - ku | さむく | ||||||||||||
| Present | + | - sou | さむそう | seems / looks cold | よさそう | Seems / Looks good | かっこよさそう | seems cool | しずかそう (な) | seems quiet | ||||
| Present | - | - kunasasou | doesn’t seem / look cold | よくなさそう | Doesn’t seem / Look good | しずかじゃなさそう (な) | doesn’t seem quiet | |||||||
| Past | + | - soudatta | seemed cold | Seemed good | ||||||||||
| Past | - | didn’t seem cold | Didn’t seem good | |||||||||||
| Present | + | - isou | さむいそう | I heard it is cold | I heard it is good | しずかだそう？ | I heard it is quiet | |||||||
| te-Form | Present | + | Casual | [Adjective 1]くて [Adjective 2]い or another clause [Adjective 1] and [Adjective 2] or another clause | - kute | さむくて | It’s cold and [Adjective 2] | [Adjective 1]で[Adjective 2] | しずかで [Adjective 2] | It’s quiet and [Adjective 2] | ||||
| te-Form | Present | - | Casual | - kunakute | さむくなくて | |||||||||
| Volitional | Present | + | Casual | - karou | さむかろう | |||||||||
| Volitional | Present | - | Casual | - kunakarou | さむくなかろう | |||||||||
| Conditional | Present | + | Casual | - kereba | さむければ | |||||||||
| Conditional | Present | - | Casual | - kunakereba | さむくなければ | |||||||||
| Conditional | Present | + | Casual | - kattara | さむかったら | |||||||||
| Conditional | Present | - | Casual | - kunakattara | さむくなかったら | |||||||||
Exceptions
かわいそう is Not “seems cute”. It’s “poor” (な-adjective).
かわいい conjugates Like normal -Adjectives (First い is Part of the Kanji)
かっこいい conjugates Like いい (First い is not Part of the Kanji)
| Verbform | present/past | positive/negative | Casual/Polite_____ | note________________ | ending___________________ | example_1_iru/eru_______________ | Translation________________ | example_2_aru/oru/uru/ku/gu su/zu/mu/nu/hu/bu/pu | Translation | example_3_u___________ | Translation | example_4_tsu____________ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative Dictionary Form | Present | + | Casual | たべる | to eat / I eat | わかる | かう | まつ | ||||
| Indicative | Past | + | Casual | - ta | たべた | I ate | わかった | |||||
| Indicative | Present | - | Casual | - nai | たべない | I don’t eat | わからない | かわない | ||||
| Indicative | Past | - | Casual | - nakatta | たべなかった | I didn’t eat | わからなかった | かわなかった | ||||
| Indicative | Present | + | Polite | - masu | たべます | I eat | わかります | かいます | ||||
| Indicative | Past | + | Polite | - mashita | たべました | I ate | わかりました | かいました | ||||
| Indicative | Present | - | Polite | - masen | たべません | I don’t eat | わかりません | かいません | ||||
| Indicative | Past | - | Polite | - masen deshita | たべませんでした | I didn’t eat | わかりません でした | かいません でした | ||||
| Present | + | Casual (Polite) | - tai (desu) | たべたい (です) | I want to eat | わかりたい (です) | かいたい (です) | |||||
| Past | + | Casual (Polite) | - takatta (desu) | たべたかった (です) | I wanted to eat | わかりたかった (です) | かいたかった (です) | |||||
| Present | - | Casual (Polite) | - takunai (desu) | たべたくない (です) | I don’t want to eat | わかりくない (です) | かいたくない (です) | |||||
| Past | - | Casual (Polite) | - takunakatta (desu) | たべたくなかった (です) | I didn’t want to eat | わかりくなかった (です) | かいたくなかった (です) | |||||
| - tagaru | たべたがる | He wants to eat | ||||||||||
| Continuous | - tagatteiru | たべたがっている | He wants to eat | |||||||||
| - te | たべて | Eat! | ||||||||||
| Progressive | Present | + | Casual | - teiru | たべている | I am eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Present | - | Casual | - teinai | たべていない | I am not eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Past | + | Casual | - teita | たべていた | I was eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Past | - | Casual | - teinakatta | たべていなかった | I was not eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Present | + | Polite | - teimasu | たべています | I am eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Present | - | Polite | - teimasen | たべていません | I am not eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Past | + | Polite | - teimashita | たべていました | I was eating | ||||||
| Progressive | Past | - | Polite | - teimasen deshita | たべていません でした | I was not eating | ||||||
| Volitional | + | Polite | - mashou | たべましょう | let’s eat | わかりましょう | かいましょう | Let’s buy | まちましょう | |||
| Intonation is very important / different for saying I or we | - mashouka | たべましょうか | Shall I eat | |||||||||
| Volitional | - | Polite | - masumai | たべますまい | Let’s not eat | Let’s Not buy | ||||||
| Volitional | + | Casual | rising voice at the end Sounds nicer | - you | たべよう | let’s eat | わかろう | かおう | Let’s buy | まとう | ||
| - youka | たべようか | Shall I eat | ||||||||||
| - yokka | たべよっか | Shall I eat … for you | ||||||||||
| Volitional | - | Casual | - mai | たべまい | Let’s not eat | Let’s Not buy | ||||||
| - reru | たべれる | I can eat | ||||||||||
| Potential | Present | + | Casual | - (ra)reru | たべられる | I can eat | ||||||
| Potential | Past | + | Casual | - (ra)reta | たべられた | I could eat | ||||||
| Potential | Present | - | Casual | - (ra)renai | たべられない | I can’t eat | ||||||
| Potential | Past | - | Casual | - (ra)renakatta | たべられなかった | I couldn’t eat | ||||||
| Potential | Present | + | Polite | - raremasu | たべられます | I can eat | ||||||
| Potential | Past | + | Polite | - raremashita | たべられました | I could eat | ||||||
| Potential | Present | - | Polite | - raremasen | たべられません | I can’t eat | ||||||
| Potential | Past | - | Polite | - raremasen deshita | たべられません でした | I couldn’t eat | ||||||
| Conditional | Casual | - reba | たべれば | If / when I eat | ||||||||
| Conditional | Casual | - nakereba | たべなければ | |||||||||
| Conditional | Casual | - tara | たべたら | When / after eating; If I eat | ||||||||
| Conditional | Casual | - nakattara | たべなかったら | |||||||||
| Shimau | Casual | - teshimau | たべてしまう | |||||||||
| Shimau | Casual | - teshimatta | ||||||||||
| Shimau | Polite | - teshimaimasu | ||||||||||
| Shimau | Polite | - teshimaimashita | ||||||||||
| Shimau | Casual | - chau | たべちゃう | |||||||||
| Shimau | Casual | - chatta | ||||||||||
| Shimau | Polite | - chaimasu | ||||||||||
| Shimau | Polite | - chaimashita | ||||||||||
| - saseru | たべさせる | [A] allows [B] to eat | ||||||||||
| - nagara | たべながら | while eating | ||||||||||
| Present | + | - yasui | たべやすい です | It is easy to eat | わかるやすい です | |||||||
| Past | + | - yasukatta | たべやすかった です | It was easy to eat | ||||||||
| Present | - | - yasukunai | たべやすくない です | It is not easy to eat | ||||||||
| Past | - | - yasukunakatta | たべやすくなかった です | It was not easy to eat | ||||||||
| Present | + | - nikui | たべにくい です | It is hard to eat | わかりにくい です | |||||||
| Past | + | - nikukatta | たべにくかった です | It was hard to eat | ||||||||
| Present | - | - nikukunai | たべにくくない です | It is not hard to eat | ||||||||
| Past | - | - nikukunakatta | たべにくくなかった です | It was not hard to eat | ||||||||
| Imperative | + | Rude | - ro | たべろ | Eat it! | |||||||
| Imperative | - | Casual | - na | たべるな | Don’t eat it! | |||||||
| Imperative | + | Polite | - tekudasai | たべてください | Please eat | |||||||
| Imperative | - | Polite | - naidekudasai | たべないでください | Please don’t eat | |||||||
| Command | Polite | - nasai | たべなさい | Can you eat … | ||||||||
| Command | Polite | - tekuremasenka | たべてくれませんか | Can you eat … | ||||||||
| Passive | Present | + | Casual | - rareru | たべられる | Is eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Past | + | Casual | - rareta | たべられた | Was eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Present | - | Casual | - rarenai | たべられない | Is not eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Past | - | Casual | - rarenakatta | たべられなかった | Was not eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Present | + | Polite | - raremasu | たべられます | Is eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Past | + | Polite | - raremashita | たべられました | Was eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Present | - | Polite | - raremasen | たべられません | Is not eaten | ||||||
| Passive | Past | - | Polite | - raremasen deshita | たべられません でした | Was not eaten | ||||||
| Causative | ||||||||||||
| - sou | たべそう | Looks Like He is going to eat …; I think I’m going to eat … | ||||||||||
| Despite ta-form it’s Not the past | - tahougaii(desu) | たべたほうがいいです | You should eat | |||||||||
| - naihougaii(desu) | たべないほうがいいです | You should Not eat | ||||||||||
| - tahougayokatta | たべたほうがよかった | You should have eaten | ||||||||||
| - naihougayokatta | たべないほうがよかった | You should Not have eaten | ||||||||||
| - tahougaiitoomou | たべたほうがいいとおもう | I think you should eat | ||||||||||
| - tahougayokunai? | たべたほうがよくない？ | Shouldn’t you eat? | ||||||||||
| - tahougayokunakatta? | たべたほうがよくなかった？ | Shouldn’t you have eaten? | ||||||||||
| Casual | - takotogaaru | たべたことがある | I have eaten … (before) | |||||||||
| Casual | - takotoganai | たべたことがない | I have never eaten … (before) | |||||||||
| Polite | - takotogaarimasu | たべたことがあります | I have eaten … (before) | |||||||||
| Polite | - takotogaarimasen | たべたがありません | I have never eaten … (before) | |||||||||
| Casual | - nakya | たべなきゃ | I have to eat | わからきゃ | ||||||||
| Rude | かえ | Buy! | ||||||||||
| - sugiru | たべすぎる | to eat too much | ||||||||||
| - suginai | たべすぎない | to Not eat too much | ||||||||||
| - suginaihougaii | たべすぎないほうがいい | You shouldn’t eat too much | ||||||||||
| Motto … - tahougaiiyo | もっと…たべたほうがいいよ | You should eat more … |
-tai can only be used for yourself
-tagaru is used for other people
が instead of を in Front of [Verb]たい
| dictionary form | て-form (Command | requests) | た-form (informal past) |
|---|---|---|---|
| う | って | った | |
| つ | って | った | |
| る | って | った | |
| ぶ | んで | んだ | |
| む | んで | んだ | |
| ぬ | んで | んだ | |
| く | いて | いた | |
| ぐ | いで | いだ | |
| す | して | した | |
| iru/eru-Verb | Drop the る, add て | Drop the る, add た | |
| する | して | した |
| Column 1 | least_formal | C________________ | D______________ | Column 3 | Column 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Is | だ | です | |||
| Is not | じゃない | ではない | じゃありません | ではありません | |
| Was | だった | でした | |||
| Was not | じゃなかった | ではなかった | ではありませんでした | ||
| Isn’t he? | じゃないか | ||||
だ can be used for nouns and な-Adjectives; Not for い-adjectives. です can also bei used with い-Adjectives.
Irregular verbs
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 | E_____________ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| する | to do | Casual | くる | to come |
| します | to do | Polite | きます | to come |
| してる | Doing something | Casual | ||
| しています | Doing something | Polite | ||
| しない | I don’t | こない | to Not come | |
| した | I did | きた | Came | |
| して | Do | きて | Come | |
| しよう | Let’s do | Casual | こよう | Let’s come |
Irregular
する
くる
Exceptions u-verbs
きる to cut
かえる to Go home
いる to need
はしる to run
| Particle | function | function: marking_a_words_function | function: expressing_the_speakers_feeling about_what_he_says | function: further_description | example | Column 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| は | Topic marker | |||||
| が | Subject marker | |||||
| but | ||||||
| Instead of を in Front of a certain Type of Verb | ||||||
| [verb] のは [adjective] | [verb]ing is [adjective] | |||||
| [noun] を [verb] |
いこう ね let’s go, ok?/yeah? asking for Agreement
いこう よ Hey, let’s go To get the listeners Attention, for emphasis
Definition: a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause.
Example:
Definition: words that often go together
Example: get up; get along
Definition: A phrase where the meaning is distinct from the words’ individual, literal meanings.
Example: raining Like Cats and dogs
ある certain
ところに at a place
at a certain place
しる to know
しらない to Not know
うちに while / before
Placeholder 7
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
|---|---|
| […] [Noun] は | The […] describes the [noun] |
| “…” という | He/she said “…” |
| “…” とおもう | He/she thought “…” |
| Suffix | explanation | example |
|---|---|---|
| 〜たち | Used for persons to make the Word plural | わたしたち; あなたたち; こどもたち |
| Column_1__________________ | casual____________________ | Column_2________________________ | Column_3____________ | Column 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [た-Verb] + ことがある | ||||
| [た-Verb] + ことがあります | I have [Verb (past-form)] | |||
| [た-Verb] + ことがありますか | Have you ever [Verb (past-form)]? | |||
| [た-Verb] + ことがありません | [た-Verb] + ことがない | I have never [Verb (past-form)] | ||
| ことがありませんか | Does this exist? | |||
| [noun] + の こと です | It is about [noun] | |||
| [Adjective] + こと | [Adjective] Thing(s) | |||
| [question Word] + こと | About [question Word] | |||
| [Verb phrase with u-ending] + こと を たのしみにしています | I am looking forward to [verb-phrase] | |||
| [Informal Verb] + こと に する | I will decide to [verb] | |||
| [informal Verb] + こと に しています | I make it a rule [Verb] | |||
| [informal verb] + こと に なる | It has been decided [Verb] | |||
| [う-form Verb] + ことは […] | Doing [Verb] is […] | |||
| こと に しました | I decided to [Verb] | |||
| […] だ こと。 | ||||
| どうした こと か | ||||
| [verb] + こと が できる | to be able to | |||
| ふしぎな こと に | strangely enough | |||
| の こと は | ||||
| の こと が | ||||
| A | Column 1 | Column 2___________ | Column 3___________ | Column 4 | Column 5 | Column 6 | Column 7 | Column_8___ | Column 9 | Column 10 | Column 11 | Column_12____ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ko | これ | この [noun] | ここ | こっち | こちら | こんな | こんなに | こいつ | こう | こなた | こうやって |
| 1.1 | This one | This [noun] | Here | |||||||||
| 2 | so | それ | その [noun] | そこ | そっち | そちら | そんな | そんなに | そいつ | そう | そなた | そうやって |
| 2.1 | That one | That [noun] | There | |||||||||
| 3 | a | あれ | あの [noun] | あそこ | あっち | あちら | あんな | あんなに | あいつ | ああ | あなた | ああやって |
| 3.1 | That one over there | That [noun] over there | There | |||||||||
| 4 | do | どれ | どの [noun] | どこ | どっち | どちら | どんな | どんなに | どいつ | どう | どなた | どうやって |
| 4.1 | Which one | Which [noun] | Where | |||||||||