What you basically need to learn is onomatopoeia. There are a few categories and hundreds of words in total unfortunately, so it definitely won’t be easy.
And here’s a link with a list someone recently posted in the Haikyuu bookclub: http://japan-and-me.com/japanese-sfx/
Though you can mostly assume what they mean by the drawing.
Ones that are background sound effects I wouldn’t worry too much about. I’d recommend just looking up ones that catch your interest on occasion. If you look them all up you’ll just drive yourself crazy.