Can “~人” mean “how many people” as well as “number of people”?

Asking because I gave “how many people” for “~人” and it was marked incorrect.

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Not quite. I believe 何人 would be “how many people”. ~人 is used as a counter, which marks the object being numbered or counted. You will see this situation with other words, as well

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Indeed. To phrase it another way, 何人 could be considered as “what number of people”, thus the ~人 suffix is still acting as “number of people”.

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